ElliottFrarf said:

What are the factors that determine the ping time between different regions? How does the network infrastructure and routing affect the latency and bandwidth of the internet connection? Is there any way to optimize the ping time for gaming purposes?

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Probably just spam, but I have the urge to answer regardless. Often South American servers are not actually based in South America. Another problem would be how many jumps your connection makes when trying to route to the server. Physical equipment of the server hoster could be an issue too but it's rarely an issue in NA. Make sure you're connected via Ethernet cable. Other than that, the only thing you could do is try a gaming VPN which can decrease the jumps you make to contact the server, but it doesn't work all the time.